Kidney dysplasia (Renal dysplasia) is a defect in the intrauterine development of the kidneys, which means that one or both kidneys have abnormal appearance (cysts, increased amount of connective tissue, etc.) and impaired function.
IS THIS CONDITION COMMON?
The condition occurs in 1:1000 to 1:4000 live births. It may go undiagnosed when only one kidney is affected and there are no symptoms.
Renal dysplasia in the majority of cases is a consequence of genetic mutations. Usually it is not an isolated condition, but is accompanied by defects in other organs and systems.
The use of illegal substances and certain prescription medications during pregnancy also increases the risk of giving birth to a child with renal dysplasia. Therefore, it is important that the intake of any medication by the pregnant woman be discussed with an obstetrician-gynecologist.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?
Unilateral dysplasia can be asymptomatic or in combination with other defects of the urinary tract. Those affected often develop arterial hypertension and proteinuria (protein in the urine) at a later stage. Lumbar or abdominal pain, frequent urinary tract infections, and slower growth are also possible.
Bilateral dysplasia is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease in newborns. It can also be associated with the presence of oligohydramnios (reduced amount of amniotic fluid) during pregnancy.
Kidney changes can be diagnosed in utero by fetal ultrasound. After birth, some characteristic changes in laboratory parameters are also important for the diagnosis.
PROGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and especially on whether only one or both kidneys are affected.If a child has one functional kidney, a normal life is possible, provided that the condition is monitored regularly (blood pressure, laboratory parameters, urinalysis).
Children born with bilateral dysplasia must be strictly followed up by a pediatric nephrologist, who will order the necessary tests. It is possible for the condition to progress, necessitating hemodialysis or a kidney transplant.
PREVENTION
Genetically determined renal dysplasia cannot be prevented. It is important for pregnant women to lead a healthy life and to let their gynecologist know if they take any medications or have family history of renal dysplasia.