Category Archives: Informative articles

Cardiorenal syndrome

In ancient Eastern culture, the kidneys are a symbol of water, and the heart is a symbol of fire.

These two “elements” must be in balance for a person’s spirit to be calm and his body to work well. When the kidneys do not function properly, the water element “floods and extinguishes” the fire of the heart, and if the heart does not work well, it “dries up” the kidneys. With this metaphor, in general, the close connection between kidney and heart functions and their general importance for the human body can be represented.

Cardiorenal syndrome is a condition in which the healthy connection between the kidneys and the heart is disrupted to the extent that they cannot adequately support circulation and blood supply to other organs and systems. A disturbance in the normal functioning of one of the two organs almost necessarily leads to disturbances in the other as well. Treatment of such conditions requires the efforts of both nephrologists and cardiologists.

Depending on the speed and severity of occurrence of the aforementioned imbalance, cardiorenal syndrome can be divided into five types:

Type 1 – Acute cardiorenal syndrome: Sudden and severe heart failure occurs, causing a sudden and severe deterioration of kidney function to the point of acute renal failure. In such a condition, the pumping function of the heart drops dramatically. Because of this, an insufficient amount of blood reaches the kidneys. They “dry up” and urine output stops. Subsequently, in an attempt to restore normal blood flow to itself, the kidneys retain large amounts of water and salt and the cardiovascular system “overflows”. This is how the so-called pulmonary and/or cerebral edema, which are life-threatening conditions. Despite the seriousness of type 1 CRC, the good news is that any acute condition treated in time is completely reversible!

Type 2 – Chronic cardiorenal syndrome: In this case, the gradual and progressive “extinction” of the heart leads to the gradual “drowning” of the kidneys. This damage occurs slowly and gradually, but at the same time it is irreversible. When the heart gradually weakens, it can no longer maintain circulation. Due to this, the blood (water) stagnates in the various tissues and organs, nutrients and oxygen are depleted from it, the levels of toxic substances increase. The kidneys are organs extremely sensitive to the so-called oxygen starvation. When blood stagnates and oxygen is exhausted, irreversible changes occur in their structures, which smoothly and gradually lead to chronic kidney failure. Frequent and sudden changes in blood pressure (very high or alternating high and low blood pressure) act in a similar way, damaging the kidney structures irreversibly.

Type 3 – Acute renocardial syndrome: In this type of damage, the beginning of the imbalance begins with the kidneys – there is a sharp and severe violation of previously healthy kidneys, as a result of which they cannot excrete excess water. It “floods” the heart, repeatedly raises the demands on it and “overstretches” it. In this way, heart function is also quickly and severely impaired, and pulmonary and/or cerebral edema can again be reached. The most frequent causes of such a kidney disorder are the contrast agents used in the so-called “color pictures”, drug abuse, poisoning, some forms of specific kidney diseases (so-called glomeulopathies).

Type 4 – Chronic renocardial syndrome: Here we are talking about an already existing kidney failure, in which over the years too much water, salt, toxic substances are retained and an excessive amount of internal hormones are released, leading to “thickening and stretching” of the heart – chronic heart failure . The primary causes of kidney failure in this case may be other diseases: diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, gouty nephropathy, chronic pyelonephritis, etc. Again, it is worth mentioning that due to the smooth course of the diseases, the damage is slow but irreversible. In most kidney diseases, there is no pain (with the exception of infections and/or stones), and the complaints are general and non-specific – general fatigue, reduced endurance during physical exertion, tightness and discomfort in the chest and/or lumbar region, decreased appetite, nausea, etc. . The basis of both prevention and treatment of type 4 CKD are regular preventive examinations, restriction of salt and protein intake, high-vitamin diet, light to moderate physical activity.

Type 5 – Secondary Cardiorenal Syndrome: This last type of combined kidney and heart damage occurs to both at the same time and is most often the result of another disease. This type can occur both quickly and severely – for example, with sepsis, trauma, allergic shock, blood loss, dehydration, etc., and smoothly and gradually in the course of a systemic disease such as diabetes, lupus, gout, metabolic syndrome, etc. Quite often, acute type 5 KRS is part of the so-called multiple organ failure, which is a life-threatening condition and requires treatment in intensive care units. Chronic type 5 CRC is part of the “silent” diseases and often goes undetected until the moment when both organs are “wasted” to an irreversible extent.

The prevention of these complications almost entirely depends on the lifestyle and the control of other accompanying diseases – moderate physical activity, avoiding harmful foods and excessive amounts of salt, maintaining normal blood pressure values in hypertensives (around 120-130/80mmHg) , keeping blood sugar up to 9-10mmol/l and glycated hemoglobin around 7-7.5% in diabetics, reducing body weight in obesity, avoiding red meat, eggs, etc. purine-rich foods for gout. Prevention, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cardiorenal syndrome are a common task of both nephrologists and cardiologists.

Unfortunately, CRS is a relatively new concept in medicine, and the mass of doctors rarely think in this direction. As a cause of reaching kidney failure necessitating dialysis treatment, CRC accounts for about 30% to 50% of cases. Therefore, for patients with already known kidney and/or heart failure, regular monitoring of urea and creatinine values at least once every 3 months, echocardiography and ultrasound examination of kidneys at least twice a year, avoidance of large amounts of salt, etc. are recommended.

– frequently used medications in the treatment of CRS are:

• ACE-inhibitors/ARB-blockers: Medications that suppress excessive “constriction” of small blood vessels and thus reduce both blood pressure and pressure in the vessels of the kidney itself. In this way, they protect the kidneys from further damage.

• Calcium antagonists: These are quite commonly used drugs, especially in the so-called hypertensive crisis. Like ACE inhibitors, they reduce vascular resistance and thus the demands on the heart.

• Diuretics: So-called “diuretics” are among the main drugs used to reduce water load. They act on the kidney, stimulating it to produce more urine than it would normally produce. In this way, excess amounts of water and salt are thrown out.

• Adrenoceptor blockers – for maintaining high blood pressure, the so-called sympathetic nervous system (using internal substances such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, etc. for its action). Accordingly, drugs that block its action lower the heart rate and the volume of blood pushed out by the heart, expand peripheral vessels, reduce the damaging effect on the kidneys.

• Natriuretic Peptide – This relatively new drug is considered a natural internal product of the body, released when the heart is “stretched” by water overload. Its main action is the excretion of excess salt through the kidneys, and with it water, thus reducing the total load on the CCS. In summary, we should emphasize again that the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome of any type is a joint effort of nephrologists and cardiologists. Therefore, our NephroLife DC team offers and maintains close collaboration between these two specialties of internal medicine.

Often, due to the more thickened and saturated with waste products and salts blood of patients on hemodialysis treatment, it happens that the AV fistula becomes blocked.

This condition is urgent and patients experience it dramatically, because hemodialysis is their life, and without a source – it is really at serious risk.

How to act in case of blocked fistula?

First of all, calm down. Worst decisions are made under stress.

A blocked fistula CAN be unclogged, but it takes time and specialist help:

1. Vascular surgeon – a consultation from an experienced vascular surgeon is necessary, who, in addition to making fistulas, is also specialized in unclogging them. A good specialist will understand the cause of the blockage and, most importantly, will know whether the AV fistula can be “repaired” or whether a new fistula will be needed.

It is possible to require an intervention under anesthesia to unclog the vessels, which is a common option.

But, of course, there is another development of things – the fistula is irreparably damaged and a new one has to be made. No need to worry – we repeat – an experienced vascular surgeon knows that an AV fistula is best for any hemodialysis patient and will schedule the earliest possible date for a new fistula.

2. Invasive cardiologist – there are already cardiology hospitals in which invasive departments a procedure for unclogging dialysis fistulas is performed, which resembles coronary angiography. The manipulation is available via a clinical pathway, performed under local anesthesia and is completed within an hour.

Here we should dwell on the most important question that concerns every hemodialysis patient who is presented with the difficult situation of a blocked (non-working) fistula, namely:

What should I do until my fistula works??? How will I do dialysis in the meantime?

The answer is one, especially if technological time is needed to unblock or build a completely new AV fistula – a temporary catheter is placed.

Placement of a temporary catheter is necessary and life-saving when the fistula cannot be used immediately, as it is unacceptable for patients to miss their hemodialysis procedures.

Of course, temporary catheters are associated with a number of inconveniences, but sometimes they are the only option for a non-functioning fistula.

In conclusion – good blood control, good dialysis, in which blood purification is as good as possible, the best quality dialyzers are used – these are all prerequisites for a long life of the AV fistula.

However, even when blocked, there is always a way out! It is worth reminding that the AV fistula is the best solution for you!

PERM CAT (Permanent Catheter – Permcat)

The permanent catheter (attention! Not to be mistaken with the temporary catheter) is the so-called consumable which, under anesthesia and under ultrasound control, is placed in one of the central vessels of the atrium. And through which, with a high flow rate, the patient’s blood is taken, purified through the hemodialysis machine and then returned to the patient, already filtered.

The visible part of the catheter is usually in the chest area, below the right collarbone.

Positives: – quick to install, can be used immediately.

Negatives: – The indwelling catheter is a kind of entrance for infections. In addition to impeccable disinfection and sterility, which is mandatory for the personnel in the dialysis structure when handling the catheter, it must be maintained in an absolutely clean environment, perfect hygiene must be observed, and it must be sterilely bandaged. Not to be touched, wet, scratched, moved by the patients at home. It would possibly make it difficult or impossible to swim in a pool, go to the sea, etc.

Bathing at home takes place only after placing a waterproof bandage on the catheter, in order to prevent water from reaching it. Dressing of the catheter and its processing is done only by the medical staff in the dialysis center. Despite all precautions and observed rules for disinfection and sterility, contamination of the catheter often occurs, making it an entrance for any infections, entering through it directly into the atrium and quickly covering the patient’s entire organism.

Such infections are extremely dangerous, difficult to control, and the catheter, once infected, must be replaced immediately. Here it is important to note that even with perfect maintenance of the catheter, it is replaced in approx. 4 – 5 years, and if an infection occurs – immediately.

The permanent catheter is a consumable that is not paid for by the Health Insurance Fund. Its price is approx. 550 BGN. – risk of blockage of the catheter – it often happens that the catheter stops working when it is blocked by biological deposits.

Then it needs to be changed again, in quick order. – the aesthetic aspect of the permanent catheter – it is visible, it could hardly remain hidden in the summer. In addition, it is not a suitable option for people who would not want it to be known at their workplace or in the immediate environment that they are undergoing hemodialysis treatment.

Overall, there are pros and cons to both vascular accesses, but it is important to note that the gold standard in hemodialysis requires fistula construction, especially for young and middle-aged patients, and resorting to a catheter only as a true last resort.

CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER

When it comes time to start hemodialysis, among many other questions, the question of vascular access – AVF or PermCat (or more simply fistula or catheter) invariably arises.

In this article, we will try to look at this choice from all sides in order to give patients the most general idea and to facilitate their choice as much as it is possible to talk about it.

Fistula (AVF): Let’s start with the fistula, because of the two options, building a dialysis fistula is definitely the better option.

The fistula is easier to handle, maintain, less affects the daily routine, way and quality of life of the patients.

It is also much less risky in terms of future infections.

What exactly is an arm fistula?

Here we will try to avoid medical language and explain in an easily accessible way what a fistula in general is a “splicing, fusion” of a vein and an artery of the arm, which is a medical manipulation under anesthesia.

A small incision is made around the wrist or a little higher up the patient’s arm, depending on the doctor’s judgment – this is the so-called “high” (around the bend of the elbow) or “low” (around the wrist) fistula, the vein and

the artery is “merged”, then they are sutured and a certain period is waited for the fistula to heal and work. This may take a month, even two, and it may not work at all – these are precisely the risks of fistula. As for the location – whether the fistula is high or low, it is better if it is low – next to the wrist. The reason for this lies in the fact that if something happens to this fistula and it stops functioning, it can then “walk” up the arm and make a new one. Unfortunately, doctors rarely decide to make low fistulas, perhaps due to the fact that the vessels are much better expressed in the upper part of the arm, accordingly, it is easier to work there and the chances of success are greater.

Fistula positives:

– reduced risk of infections to a minimum

– preserved quality of life and routine

– you can swim, do any kind of work, without, of course, heavy physical work and strain.

Maintenance of daily hygiene occurs without change – as it was before the onset of the disease.

– among the positives, it is important to mention that what worries the patients, namely – pricking with fistula needles for each dialysis – will be painful – no!

The place loses its sensitivity and no pain is felt when it is turned on.

Of course, there is a moment of discomfort, but it is by no means an extremely painful manipulation.

Disadvantages of fistula:

– Time.

Each fistula takes time to develop and become usable, sometimes over two months.

There is a risk that it will never develop, ie. to remain unusable. This is one of the main concerns of hemodialysis patients – how will I continue my treatment if my fistula doesn’t work?

Fistula is not an option for patients who have high values and need to be put on dialysis quickly or urgently.

But, being the best option for vascular access in general, our advice to such patients is to get a catheter but at the same time seek advice from their dialysis center to refer them to a good vascular surgeon to do the fistula. In this way, the necessary dialysis treatment will be started through the catheter, but it will be thought in the perspective of building a good fistula to be used for the patient’s hemodialysis needs in the future.

– another common negative is the sudden stoppage of the fistula.

The reasons for this could be many and varied, but often the culprit is again high blood pressure, left unchecked – it causes the vessels to constrict and the fistula to spontaneously close.

Such an unexpected event puts the patient in an extremely unpleasant, stressful situation where suddenly, without warning, he finds himself with absolutely no vascular access through which to perform dialysis.

In such a case, of course, a temporary / permanent catheter is immediately placed and a new option for fistula construction is sought again. – “Why do they advise me not to make a fistula, but to go directly for a catheter?” – here is an extremely common question from patients. Usually the explanation from doctors is that the patient’s vessels are not good, he is too old, or he has diabetes.. This is not the case. Anyone could get a nice, quality, working fistula.

The trick is to find a good enough specialist to do it for him. We return to infections again to mention how risky they are for hemodialysis patients. When the treatment, the medical staff at the dialysis center are up to standard and professional, patients with fistulas can be absolutely calm that they are not vulnerable to infections introduced into their body.

TYPES OF VASCULAR ACCESS – AV FISTULA

Alport syndrome is an inherited renal condition that damages kidney tissue and glomeruli and leads to kidney failure.

Its name comes from the scientist Arthur Cecil Allport, who at the beginning of the last century first described what was shown, defining it as “hereditary, familial, congenital hemorrhagic nephritis”.

What is the cause of Alport syndrome?

The disease is genetic, which also explains the heredity in patients.

At a certain stage of the development of the embryos, a gene mutation occurs, which leads to changes in the kidney membranes (glomeruli, Bowman’s capsule) and, accordingly, the manifestation of what is shown at a later stage.

There are 3 types of inheritance according to the type of mutation:

1. The X-linked mutation. It is also the most common manifestation of the mutation in which Alport syndrome occurs.

In this case, the disease is transmitted from the mother to the son, but not from the father to the son, since the defect occurs on the X chromosome.

2. Autosomal recessive form It is observed at approx. 15% of cases of patients with Alport syndrome

3. Autosomal dominant form A relatively small number of patients with Alport syndrome have this mutation – only approx. 5%.

These patients manifest the symptoms shown significantly later and better.

How do we know?

Clinical picture: The first symptoms (especially with the Encounter mutation) appear in early childhood, approx. 3 years of age, but there are cases of even earlier manifestation of the syndrome – in infancy from several months to a year).

They include:

– hematuria (blood in the urine) that occurs spontaneously and has no other cause

– proteinuria (loss of protein through the kidneys, excreted in the urine)

– increased serum creatinine and arterial pressure – the increase in these parameters occurs in a slightly later stage of the disease.

– deafness – manifested in early childhood, parallel to the first manifestation of the symptom, often leads to mental retardation and is irreversible, due to damage to the auditory nerve.

– eye changes in the cornea and lens of approx The diagnosis is made by biopsy methods

– kidney, skin biopsy, as well as a genetic test to prove the format and type of Alport syndrome.

Treatment: Unfortunately, there is no cure.

Possible approaches aim to maximize the progress of the disease, as well as kidney transplantation, a stage for hemodialysis has been reached. The good news is that transplant patient syndrome can’t happen again to Alport.

Today we will focus on Fabry disease – a rare genetic disease resulting from a mutation of a gene (GLA) located on the X chromosome.

Like any part of the human body, the kidneys often suffer from various diseases. Some of them which arise spontaneously, are treated and subside quickly. Others are hereditary, appear quietly, inflict their damage, and when the patient feels them, it is already too late – the damage is irreparable – the kidneys do not function and it is necessary to start hemodialysis.

That is why it is important to know the family history – many of the kidney diseases are genetic and determine as the family burden in the family. In these cases, prevention and regular prophylaxis is of paramount importance – even if they cannot always be avoided, hereditary kidney diseases could be caught in time and successfully controlled.

The condition affects people of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds. It mostly affects men (1 in 40,000 men), but women can also be affected by Fabry disease. The reason for this is that women have two X chromosomes, and if one of them is defective, the other manages to somewhat compensate for the defect.

For men, however, this is impossible.

Their symptoms are observed already in the first 10 years of life. Boys complain of reduced physical ability. They get tired more easily and have a harder time tolerating cold and heat because the blood vessels are affected. If the mother observes her son, she will notice that in the group of playing children he gets tired the fastest and goes to rest, hides from the sun or the cold. These are the first things that make an impression on mothers, but sometimes they are interpreted as a whim. Then the pain appears in the limbs, most often the lower ones. There are also unexplained abdominal pains that last for hours or days. They are usually associated with a slight increase in temperature and then disappear spontaneously. Mothers do not always remember to talk about these symptoms because they do not attach much importance to them. Therefore, doctors who know the disease should purposefully ask about the symptoms. In case of doubt, a test is done – most often on urine. A small amount of protein may appear in it. One negative sample is not enough, several are made because the protein appears in periods.

As the symptoms progress, young men develop hypertension (high blood pressure) approx. 20 years of age. In the third-fourth decade, the first strokes appear. After that, more pronounced pains appear, the retina is colored in a specific way, viewed in polarized light. The intermediate products of the exchange due to the genetic defect (metabolites) are released like spokes on wheels. This can be determined by an ophthalmologist who has experience with such patients, however.

After 30 years, impaired kidney function is also established. It is leading in the clinical picture, therefore these patients are usually seen by nephrologists.

In women, the same symptoms occur, but with a 10-15 year delay.

Most visible to the human eye are changes in the skin. Specific rashes appear, which are located on the buttock and abdominal area around the navel and to the inguinal folds. They are so characteristic that if the doctor has seen them, he can diagnose another person on this basis alone. This rash does not hurt or itch, it has only a cosmetic effect. It can appear at the very beginning or later. It is not indicative of the severity of the disease, but if it is known, we can with almost 100% certainty go towards this diagnosis.

And in the next article we will pay attention on – Why Fabry disease should be detected and treated early?

Every patient who has started hemodialysis and after the initial emotional shock begins to hard and feverishly prepare for a kidney transplantation – the only possible way to “get his life back”.

Of course, it is very important to note that hemodialysis is often only a stopover for people with CKD on their way to being on the kidney transplantation waiting list, as well as the most important moment – the call that a donor situation has arisen and the patient with CKD is called in for a new organ transplant procedure.

However, how important is it to perform quality hemodialysis until the moment of transplantation?

We will dwell on this question in a little more detail…

Recently, Dr. Georgi Hristov, director of the Medical Oversight Executive Agency, stated that many of the potential kidney recipients who are on the waiting list are called for transplants, but, after tests, they are found to be in such deteriorated health state that they are declared unfit to receive a donor organ.

Perhaps this is also the reason why very few transplants are done in Bulgaria – less than 20 per year – one of the saddest statistics, which causes many people with CKD to become health emigrants.

But why is the level of hemodialysis in Bulgaria bad? The low price of the procedure, paid by the NHIF, the many services that are included under the umbrella of the dialysis procedure and that are not directly related to the healing process also detract from the amount that could otherwise be directed 100% to the essence of the procedure – many explanations , but one bottom line..

High-quality hemodialysis means one thing – a maximally preserved organism for the cherished moment of transplantation.

Good dialysis has several main pillars:

1. Quality and especially NEW equipment of the highest class. We cannot help but mention the name of the leader in dialysis equipment – FRESENIUS. Every center equipped with new FRESENIUS devices is guaranteed to perform excellent dialysis.
2. Consumables – once again FRESENIUS are on the front line – dialyzers from the brand, blood lines – grant the best possible and fine cleaning, maximally reduced blood loss, good physical condition after the procedure, etc.
3. Medicines – when the patient is in the final phase of CKD, respectively undergoing dialysis treatment, his body does not produce the relevant substances and elements necessary to maintain good levels of hemoglobin, for normal levels of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, iron, etc. This requires many and expensive medications, which are part of the procedure, paid for by the NHIF, and are not at the patient’s expense.

However, many of the dialysis centers save on these drugs, at the expense of greater profit for the clinic.

Regular monthly examinations of patients, their physical condition are the best guarantee for the good work of the hemodialysis center.

This is the only way to control medication intake and maintain good levels of elements in the body.

4. Staff – an extremely important component in the dialysis structure is the staff, in the form of experienced nurses and a doctor who does NOT leave the dialysis room for a single moment. In dialysis, the worst can happen in a minute – lines are severed, a catheter is pulled out, while the patient’s blood is literally outside their body as the machine filters it – these are just examples of extremely critical and potentially deadly situations. Which can only be mastered by an experienced nurse with a doctor by his side.

Contrary to the initial impression – everything happens extremely dynamically in dialysis, and only the experienced hands of the nurses can prevent it from ending tragically.

These are just a few points of support on the path of each patient’s choice to protect his right to the best treatment he deserves.

A good diet, strict control over fluid intake, regular monitoring by all kinds of specialists, especially a cardiologist, endocrinologist, pulmonologist, etc. pave the way for transplantation, which is the normal and logical conclusion of the problem called “end-stage CKD”.

STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

It is an indisputable fact that the news of starting hemodialysis, which patients with chronic renal failure (CKD) receive, is an extremely traumatic psychological moment – where starts suffering not only the body, but also the soul of the patient.

Dialysis treatment that continues for years, and the fact that the patient is dependent on the specialized equipment – the dialysis machine, on the observance of a strictly defined dietary regime, significantly limit the personal freedom of the patient, his social contacts, and seriously disturb his professional realization.

As a result, the patient experiences stress and anxiety, which have an adverse effect on the entire healing process, adaptation, emotions and quality of life.

Is hemodialysis treatment so scary and hopeless?

The short answer is: NO.

Here’s the longer one:

Hemodialysis treatment is now years away from what it was in the 90s – the equipment in private dialysis centers is at an excellent level, and in most municipal hospitals the old dialysis machines with hundreds of thousands of hours of service have already been replaced with new ones.

Competition between medical facilities raises the level of service for patients, and brand new Fresenius machines and consumables can now be seen more and more, which contributes to the excellent cleansing of toxins from the patient’s body.

The procedures, in turn, are tolerated by the patient much better, there are no constant vomiting, headaches during dialysis caused by low-quality and repeatedly used consumables, “disinfected” in formalin solution, there is no shortage of drugs to maintain a good level of hemoglobin, iron, calcium, phosphorus no longer “flys in the sky”. Hepatitis epidemics have not occurred for decades.

The many dialysis facilities scattered in the cities allow all patients not to be “tied to the machine”, but to be able to travel, if they wish, to go to the sea or on holiday abroad.

Most patients of working age continue with their employment.

Dialysis patients at a younger age, and not only that, have an excellent chance and opportunity for transplantation – again thanks to the quality dialysis they perform, which preserves the body as much as possible and gives it the necessary time until the cherished moment of transplantation, the chance also increases for the new authority to be accepted.

Cases of patients of childbearing age who, after a successful transplant, become mothers and continue their lives to the fullest are no longer rare.

Of course, for a job between two people to be done successfully and well, both must participate equally. Efforts are also needed on the part of the patients.

A good diet, strict adherence to dietary restrictions, no matter how unpleasant they may be at times, is a necessary part of the process.

Regular control of blood pressure, timely help from various specialists (cardiologist, endocrinologist, etc.), when necessary, are the best helper for the patient with CKD.

Last, but not least, is the choice of a dialysis structure – it is most important that the patient chooses that place where there is a successful symbiosis between excellent, new equipment, excellent medical control carried out during the dialysis sessions – which means the doctor to be constant between his patients, because in dialysis “whites” happen in seconds. One of the most important people in the dialysis facility is the dialysis nurses – they literally hold the patients’ lives in their hands. When the dialysis nurse is experienced, she can “stab” even the most difficult fistula, can sense an approaching danger for the patient even before the doctor has thought about it, and prevent it.

Medicines are also an indispensable part of the treatment and help in the long term to maintain the good general condition of the body. Saving them, unfortunately, does not lead to anything good.

In conclusion, dialysis is a team game, a game of trust and professionalism.

And let’s not forget that there is always a chance!

BALANCING WORK AND DIALYSIS

SPORT ACTIVITIES DURING DIALYSIS

Let’s start from the beginning – what is the function of the kidneys?

And the answer is – our kidney system is multi-component: kidneys are not just a filter, but also play an important role in:

– excretory function – through the kidneys – excess water, salts and nitrogen-containing substances, which are formed as a result of the exchange of substances in the body of each person, are excreted in the urine.

– maintenance of an optimal balance in the “internal environment” – this is the so-called “homeostasis” – In case of changes in the water-salt and acid-alkaline internal environment of the body, the kidneys include a number of compensatory mechanisms with which they restore this balance.

– stimulating the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) – specific kidney cells produce the hormone “erythropoietin”, whose task is to stimulate the bone marrow to produce blood cells.

– maintenance of normal strength and structure of human bones – the kidneys are also actively involved in the production of vitamin D3, which is responsible for the strength of bones in the human body.

When do we start talking about chronic kidney failure (CKD)?

When these renal functions begin to decrease until they are completely lost (last stage of renal failure, when creatinine has already reached levels of approx. 850 µmol/l.

Sometimes, quite imperceptibly, the degree of kidney failure is reached, which necessitates frequent examination of the state of kidney function.

Of course, it takes time to reach the end stage of CKD, but eventually, the kidneys are irreversibly damaged.

The first signs are a decrease in the amount of urine excreted – an important symptom, which, however, is not always manifested.

Sometimes the exact opposite symptom is present – excessive excretion of urine (polyuria). This happens when, in an attempt to excrete substances the body does not need, the damaged kidneys excrete more water because they cannot concentrate the urine.

Patients excrete up to 3 or more liters of urine per day, urges to urinate are frequent even at night!

  For comparison – a healthy person usually urinates within 1.5 l/24 hours.

  Other characteristic complaints are easy fatigue, high blood pressure that is not affected by medication, or at least not subject to normal regulation and control, nausea, nocturnal shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, which are due to pulmonary edema, drowsiness. Diabetes is also a ‘first aid in the development of CKD’

That is why prevention and regular monitoring of kidney health by a nephrologist is so important.

If you have any of the symptoms described above, accompanied by frequent urinary infections, kidney pain, if you have been suffering from diabetes for several years – contact a nephrologist who will prescribe preventive tests, including creatinine and urea, and consult you subsequently.

CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Diabetic nephropathy is the name used to describe kidney damage caused by diabetes. It develops slowly over several years. Almost one in five people with diabetes eventually need treatment for diabetic nephropathy. Despite these alarming statistics, there are many things that can reduce the risk of developing the complication. If detected early enough, diabetic nephropathy can also be delayed with treatment.

What causes kidney disease?

One of the main jobs of your kidneys is to filter your blood by removing excess fluids and waste products from your body through urine.

High blood glucose (sugar) levels can damage the small blood vessels and tiny filters in your kidneys. When the blood vessels are damaged, the kidneys are unable to clean the blood in an optimal way. For this reason, excess fluids, salts, toxic products accumulate in the body and swelling and weight gain begin to be observed.

The earliest sign of diabetic nephropathy is the so-called microalbuminuria, which means an increased level of the albumin protein in the urine.

What is albumin?

Human albumin is a small globular protein consisting of 585 amino acids. Albumin is synthesized in the liver, after which it is excreted into the bloodstream. It plays an important transport role – for hormones, vitamins or medicines.

An important indicator is the amount of albumin and the ratio with total potein in various disease processes: chronic liver diseases, chronic kidney failure, oncological diseases or in the diagnosis of edematous conditions.

Once this damage is present, the remaining kidney filters must work extra to compensate for the deficiencies in the system’s proper functioning. Once the kidneys start working at less than 15% of their capacity, a diagnosis of kidney failure is made and the patient usually goes on dialysis.

There is no specific treatment for diabetic nephropathy, but disease progression can be slowed by controlling blood pressure, optimizing blood sugar levels, and changing diet. Once kidney disease is present, the most important thing to focus on is controlling blood pressure.